窮漢胡說
對某韓的舉動，一方面反貪，一方面收緊yan論，可能有些人很是鬱結，我一直覺得有兩個可能性，1）置於死地而後生，2）貪污是開放帶來，藉機左轉，更趨保守。今天香港特區政府中央政策組前全職顧問，現日本秋田國際教養大學經濟教授練乙錚在報刊撰文，節錄…
丁学良：中国软实力为什么硬不起来？
作者：丁学良（香港科技大学教授）；内容来源：丁学良《中国的软实力和周边国家》。文案编辑：五月花；微信来源：观察中国。
1.依笔者的观察，中国的精英阶层对软实力最容易犯的误解，来自于他们自身的工作经验。一言以蔽之，他们基本上把发展和投射软实力完全等同于“怎么做宣传工作”。这是中国的精英阶层对软实力在基本理解方面出现种种误差的根源。
2.美国的话语主导权建立在国内公开辩论的肥厚土壤里，我们很难听到统一的美国声音。如果美国至始至终只有一种声音，它就不可能拥有今天的国际范围内的话语主导力。在任何观念上“从不缺席”是美国能够获得国际话语主导权的根本原因。
3.美国人喜欢辩论，并不是“天生的”，而是制度培养教育成的，优秀的小学、中学和大学一定会训练学生如何公开辩论。如果在本国国内没有充分的辩论空间，没有代代相传的技巧训练和心态准备，又怎么可能跨出国门就能在国际舞台上与其他国家的人论战？
4.如果媒体机构在产权上统统都是被一个财团所有，或者组织上被一个中心所管控，就不可避免地落到晦暗的谎言深渊。美国也有造谣惑众的媒体机构，但美国的传媒是相互激烈竞争的，绝对不可能形成一言堂、一手遮天，因此相对而言，美国形形色色的媒体机构作为一个整体，能够维持相当不错的公信力，在国际上声势浩大。
5.一个国家长期发出单一的声音，只能使该国在国际上展现一种面孔和单一的形象，这个形象也因此变得贫乏脆弱、易受伤害，而多元化的声音则使一个国家具有更加多面的立体形象。多元化是美国整体形象不会“全军覆没”的关键。
6.中国官方海外传媒并不能渗透所在国绝大多数的精英阶层，更遑论千千万万的普通民众群体。这恰恰与中国国内对海外媒体的接受程度成反比：中国的各界精英人士，只要有机会，都抱着极大的兴趣，阅读或收看外部世界媒体的出版物和节目。
7.各国的非政府组织和国际公民社会是中国外交所遇到的最大的挑战之一。政府不再是国际舞台上的唯一玩家。遗憾的是，中国政府对这一国际趋势极不敏感，导致中国政府官员面对国际上得突发事件，常常束手无策，非常尴尬。问题的深层根源在于我还没有看到中国政府有允许国内的NGO以法律保障的足够空间来发展，并让它们成长后参与国际社会关心的种种事务之对话和博弈。
8.有 个美国驻日本记者问我怎么看中俄关系现在搞得这么好？据我观察，可能是万一和日本发生冲突，中国海上运油路线会受到严重威胁。在这种情况下，中国必须依赖 陆地上的能源进入中国，最重要、最直接、运输成本相对较低的一是来自俄罗斯，一是来自中亚。如果和日本发生严重的武装冲突，甚至把美国卷进来，中国有没有 非常可靠的武器来源？又是要靠俄罗斯。从这个角度讲，中国现在已在为最坏的东亚局势做准备。
9.入主白宫的美国政治首脑及其幕僚，不论属于哪个政党，都不会在与北京的交往中放弃“民主、自由、法治、人权”这一无形而有力的软实力武库。中国政府要想在与美国为首的发达国家群的互动过程中受到更公平的对待，减少对中国国家利益之不必要的挫伤，就应该在国际政治中高居民主化旗帜的同时，在国内政治生活中作出更明显可见的民主化改进。
10.软实力不是靠讲狠话，最根本的是要自己的事情做好。而这个事情做好，首先对自己的公民要做好。只有对自己的公民把这个事情做好了，到国外以后，自然而然的很多做法一定会被国际的人所认可、所支持。
So says the Finnish education system. From 2016 handwriting will no longer be taught in Finnish schools. And when a high-performing country like Finland makes an educational move, the rest of us who are slipping down the international ladder of academic performance should at least consider whether there would be any benefit in following in their footsteps.
这是芬兰教育制度所传达的信息。从2016年开始，芬兰学校的写字课将不复存在。当像芬兰这样一个教育如此发达的国家有此行动时，其他在学术表现逊色的国家至少应该想想效仿芬兰是否能带来益处。
Should we ditch handwriting lessons too?
我们是不是也应该废除写字课？
Does handwriting matter?
书写重要吗？
Most would agree that everyone should at least be able to pick up a pen or pencil and craft a message that others can read. But beyond legibility, does it matter how you form your letters when you hand write?
很多人都同意每个人至少应能拿起笔写出清晰可辨的信息。但是除了可读性之外，书写的方式真的重要吗？
There is research linking fluent handwriting with better written compositions. But the key isn’t the quality, form or style of the handwriting, but rather the automaticity of the handwriting. That is, the less you have to concentrate on getting your letters right, the more brain space you can devote to getting your message right. So, your handwriting just needs to feel natural for you.
有研究表明流畅的书写与更好的文笔具有相关性。但关键不在于书写的质量、形式或风格，而在于书写的自动化程度。也就是说，你在写好字上花的精力越少，你构思文章的精力就越多。因此，你的书写只需自然流畅即可。
Typing versus handwriting
打字vs手写
Writing automaticity is just as easily achieved on a keyboard. It is actually more time efficient to teach a child to type than it is to teach them a particular handwriting style. By the time they are eight years old, they can already type faster than they can handwrite.
写字的自动化程度很容易通过键盘来实现。实际上，教一个孩子打字比教他们一种特定的字体有效率多了。等到他们八岁的时候，他们打字速度已经比手写要快了。
In 2016, the national standardized literacy and numeracy tests, NAPLAN, will be completed online. We can assume this means students will type their compositions rather than handwrite them. And perhaps the nation’s writing scores will improve as a result. Typed written assessments typically score more highly than handwritten compositions. Assessors rate them as better organized, and, quite simply, easier to read.
2016年，芬兰国家标准化识读与运算测试（NAPLAN）将采用机试。我们可以认为，这意味着考生们会用键盘打字而非手写，而且全国整体的写作分数也可能会有所提高。一般来说，打出来的文章比手写的文章得分更高。阅卷者会认为打出来的文章构思更好，当然，也更易读。
Should we bother teaching handwriting?
我们应该把精力花在教学生写字上吗？
As prevalent as keyboards are, handwriting isn’t obsolete quite yet, so it remains important to teach letter formation to young children.
虽然键盘大行其道，但是手写至今也还未过时，所以将字母编排教给幼儿依然重要。
The letters of the alphabet are complex abstract symbols and children can’t begin to write their letters until they can draw a circle. If they can’t draw a circle then they can’t form letters like a, b, d, o, p, q.
字母表中的字母是复杂而抽象的符号，只有等孩子们可以画圆圈时，他们才可以开始书写字母。如果他们不会画圈，那么他们便写不出a、b、d、o、p、q这些字母来。
This ability to draw an enclosed shape is a very important marker of both cognitive and physical development, and it is a skill that emerges from their scribbles. So drawing, scribbling and playing with crayons and pencils are an important part of learning to hand write.
画封闭图形的能力是认知和身体发展的重要标志，这项技能从涂鸦开始形成。所以画画、涂鸦和摆弄蜡笔与铅笔是学习写字的重要部分。
An old-fashioned anachronism?
手写过时了？
The history of handwriting has always been one of convenience and change according to the writing technologies available.
方便省事和根据已有书写技术产生的演变共同谱写出了手写体的发展史。
In our first alphabets, Phoenician, Greek and Roman, the letters were angular due to the writing technologies of the day - chisels, granite, marble and clay. The first writing was from right to left across the page – a more natural direction for the chiseller.
在最早的字母表——腓尼基、希腊和罗马字母表中，由于当时的手写技术为錾子、花岗岩、大理石和粘土，字母呈一定的角度。最初人们写字的方向是从右到左的，对凿工来说，这一顺序来得更自然。
But when ink and paper came along, moving from right to left was too messy for right handed writers and the direction of our writing changed from left to right. (To the chagrin of all left handers, until the invention of the fast drying ballpoint pen!)
人类发明了纸和墨之后，对习惯于用右手写字的人来说从右到左写字太麻烦了，于是书写的方向就变成了从左到右（但这也让左撇子们恼怒不已，这种情况直到人类发明了速干圆珠笔之后才得以改变。）
It wasn’t just directionality that changed as we made the shift from stone to paper. Pen and ink made it easier to produce curves rather than angles, and the shape of our letters changed accordingly.
在我们的书写载体从石头到纸张演变的过程中，改变的不仅仅是书写的方向。笔墨让画弧线变得比画角度容易，字母的形状也由此改变。
The technology of the fountain pen meant directionality of strokes became important. Down strokes were important because the shape of the nib and flow of the ink didn’t easily allow for upstrokes.
钢笔的发明让笔画的方向性变得重要起来。要知道钢笔尖和墨水的流动是不利于写向上的笔画的，因此向下的笔画很重要。
The invention of the ballpoint pen meant we no longer relied on ink refills, and nib shapes. Felt tip pens meant that even gravity no longer played a role in the way we write. Yet children still complete pages of handwriting exercises based on the technology of the fountain pen and ink.
圆珠笔的发明意味着我们不再需要勤换墨水，不再受笔尖形状的限制。签字笔意味着甚至连重力都不再影响我们书写的方式。然而，小孩子仍然需要用钢笔来完成一页又一页的书写练习。
Handwriting vs writing
手写vs写作
Handwriting is often wrongly conflated with writing ability. You only need to glance at the handwritten manuscripts of our greatest writers to know there isn’t a link between handwriting skills and literacy skills.
人们往往错误地把书写能力和写作能力混同起来。你只要看看我们那些伟大作家的字迹，便可知道书写技能与写作水平无关。
I remember my son’s Year 2 teacher was very worried about his handwriting. Apparently he started his letters at the bottom, using upstrokes instead of downstrokes. His teacher was concerned it may hamper his literacy development in some way, and that I should “train” him out of it.
我记得我儿子读二年级的时候老师十分担心他的书写。很显然，他写字都是从底部开始，用向上的笔画而非向下的笔画。老师担心这可能在某种程度上阻碍他写作能力的发展，而认为我应该多教孩子写字。
There may have been a few reasons why he wrote his letters this way. The first language he learned to write was Greek, which has a different alphabet. He is also a left-hander and they often do things a little differently as they try to reconcile their way of seeing the world with that of their right handed teachers. Or maybe it was just his style; natural and automatic to him.
他这样写字可能有以下几点原因。他最早学习的语言是希腊语，而希腊语有着一套不同的字母体系。他也是个左撇子，这使得他在协调自己看待世界的方式与习惯于用右手写字的老师看待世界的方式的时候，写字的上下顺序有所不同。或许他的书写风格就是这样，他写起来流畅自然。
It was not, however, an indication of a literacy difficulty.
然而，这并不表明他的写作能力低下。
Perhaps there are more important things to do
也许我们还有一些更重要的事情要做
With so many things to do in a school day, it is hard to see why dedicated handwriting lessons persist.
学校的一天当中有那么多事情要做，很难说专门的写字课为什么要保留。
No matter how standardized we attempt to make handwriting, we all end up with our own style. So perhaps there are better things to do in the school day than have children complete pages of handwriting exercises. Perhaps we’d do just as well to let children play with drawing and writing implements and find their own style.
不管我们试图让自己的书写变得多么标准，我们最后总会以自己的风格去写字。所以，比起让孩子们完成数页的写字练习，在学校可能还有更重要的事情值得去做。也许，我们只需要让孩子们学会使用写字画画的工具，从而发现自己的风格。
Vocabulary
legibility: 易读性
standardized: 标准化的
alphabet: 字母表
cognitive: 认知的
scribble: 涂鸦
chisel: 凿子
granite: 花岗岩
marble: 大理石
clay: 粘土
messy: 散乱的
directionality: 方向性
manuscript: 手稿
conflate: 合并
literacy: 读写能力
（译者：陈思迪 编辑：王伟）
1.依笔者的观察，中国的精英阶层对软实力最容易犯的误解，来自于他们自身的工作经验。一言以蔽之，他们基本上把发展和投射软实力完全等同于“怎么做宣传工作”。这是中国的精英阶层对软实力在基本理解方面出现种种误差的根源。
2.美国的话语主导权建立在国内公开辩论的肥厚土壤里，我们很难听到统一的美国声音。如果美国至始至终只有一种声音，它就不可能拥有今天的国际范围内的话语主导力。在任何观念上“从不缺席”是美国能够获得国际话语主导权的根本原因。
3.美国人喜欢辩论，并不是“天生的”，而是制度培养教育成的，优秀的小学、中学和大学一定会训练学生如何公开辩论。如果在本国国内没有充分的辩论空间，没有代代相传的技巧训练和心态准备，又怎么可能跨出国门就能在国际舞台上与其他国家的人论战？
4.如果媒体机构在产权上统统都是被一个财团所有，或者组织上被一个中心所管控，就不可避免地落到晦暗的谎言深渊。美国也有造谣惑众的媒体机构，但美国的传媒是相互激烈竞争的，绝对不可能形成一言堂、一手遮天，因此相对而言，美国形形色色的媒体机构作为一个整体，能够维持相当不错的公信力，在国际上声势浩大。
5.一个国家长期发出单一的声音，只能使该国在国际上展现一种面孔和单一的形象，这个形象也因此变得贫乏脆弱、易受伤害，而多元化的声音则使一个国家具有更加多面的立体形象。多元化是美国整体形象不会“全军覆没”的关键。
6.中国官方海外传媒并不能渗透所在国绝大多数的精英阶层，更遑论千千万万的普通民众群体。这恰恰与中国国内对海外媒体的接受程度成反比：中国的各界精英人士，只要有机会，都抱着极大的兴趣，阅读或收看外部世界媒体的出版物和节目。
7.各国的非政府组织和国际公民社会是中国外交所遇到的最大的挑战之一。政府不再是国际舞台上的唯一玩家。遗憾的是，中国政府对这一国际趋势极不敏感，导致中国政府官员面对国际上得突发事件，常常束手无策，非常尴尬。问题的深层根源在于我还没有看到中国政府有允许国内的NGO以法律保障的足够空间来发展，并让它们成长后参与国际社会关心的种种事务之对话和博弈。
8.有 个美国驻日本记者问我怎么看中俄关系现在搞得这么好？据我观察，可能是万一和日本发生冲突，中国海上运油路线会受到严重威胁。在这种情况下，中国必须依赖 陆地上的能源进入中国，最重要、最直接、运输成本相对较低的一是来自俄罗斯，一是来自中亚。如果和日本发生严重的武装冲突，甚至把美国卷进来，中国有没有 非常可靠的武器来源？又是要靠俄罗斯。从这个角度讲，中国现在已在为最坏的东亚局势做准备。
9.入主白宫的美国政治首脑及其幕僚，不论属于哪个政党，都不会在与北京的交往中放弃“民主、自由、法治、人权”这一无形而有力的软实力武库。中国政府要想在与美国为首的发达国家群的互动过程中受到更公平的对待，减少对中国国家利益之不必要的挫伤，就应该在国际政治中高居民主化旗帜的同时，在国内政治生活中作出更明显可见的民主化改进。
10.软实力不是靠讲狠话，最根本的是要自己的事情做好。而这个事情做好，首先对自己的公民要做好。只有对自己的公民把这个事情做好了，到国外以后，自然而然的很多做法一定会被国际的人所认可、所支持。
芬兰学校将不再开设写字课（双语）网易首页 > 教育频道 > 外语 > 正文http://3g.163.com/ntes/special/0034073A/iframe.html?url=http://edu.163.com/15/0210/11/AI3CRA0M00294MPA.html
芬兰学校将不再开设写字课（双语）
当像芬兰这样一个教育如此发达的国家有此行动时，其他在学术表现逊色的国家至少应该想想效仿芬兰是否能带来益处。
So says the Finnish education system. From 2016 handwriting will no longer be taught in Finnish schools. And when a high-performing country like Finland makes an educational move, the rest of us who are slipping down the international ladder of academic performance should at least consider whether there would be any benefit in following in their footsteps.
这是芬兰教育制度所传达的信息。从2016年开始，芬兰学校的写字课将不复存在。当像芬兰这样一个教育如此发达的国家有此行动时，其他在学术表现逊色的国家至少应该想想效仿芬兰是否能带来益处。
Should we ditch handwriting lessons too?
我们是不是也应该废除写字课？
Does handwriting matter?
书写重要吗？
Most would agree that everyone should at least be able to pick up a pen or pencil and craft a message that others can read. But beyond legibility, does it matter how you form your letters when you hand write?
很多人都同意每个人至少应能拿起笔写出清晰可辨的信息。但是除了可读性之外，书写的方式真的重要吗？
There is research linking fluent handwriting with better written compositions. But the key isn’t the quality, form or style of the handwriting, but rather the automaticity of the handwriting. That is, the less you have to concentrate on getting your letters right, the more brain space you can devote to getting your message right. So, your handwriting just needs to feel natural for you.
有研究表明流畅的书写与更好的文笔具有相关性。但关键不在于书写的质量、形式或风格，而在于书写的自动化程度。也就是说，你在写好字上花的精力越少，你构思文章的精力就越多。因此，你的书写只需自然流畅即可。
Typing versus handwriting
打字vs手写
Writing automaticity is just as easily achieved on a keyboard. It is actually more time efficient to teach a child to type than it is to teach them a particular handwriting style. By the time they are eight years old, they can already type faster than they can handwrite.
写字的自动化程度很容易通过键盘来实现。实际上，教一个孩子打字比教他们一种特定的字体有效率多了。等到他们八岁的时候，他们打字速度已经比手写要快了。
In 2016, the national standardized literacy and numeracy tests, NAPLAN, will be completed online. We can assume this means students will type their compositions rather than handwrite them. And perhaps the nation’s writing scores will improve as a result. Typed written assessments typically score more highly than handwritten compositions. Assessors rate them as better organized, and, quite simply, easier to read.
2016年，芬兰国家标准化识读与运算测试（NAPLAN）将采用机试。我们可以认为，这意味着考生们会用键盘打字而非手写，而且全国整体的写作分数也可能会有所提高。一般来说，打出来的文章比手写的文章得分更高。阅卷者会认为打出来的文章构思更好，当然，也更易读。
Should we bother teaching handwriting?
我们应该把精力花在教学生写字上吗？
As prevalent as keyboards are, handwriting isn’t obsolete quite yet, so it remains important to teach letter formation to young children.
虽然键盘大行其道，但是手写至今也还未过时，所以将字母编排教给幼儿依然重要。
The letters of the alphabet are complex abstract symbols and children can’t begin to write their letters until they can draw a circle. If they can’t draw a circle then they can’t form letters like a, b, d, o, p, q.
字母表中的字母是复杂而抽象的符号，只有等孩子们可以画圆圈时，他们才可以开始书写字母。如果他们不会画圈，那么他们便写不出a、b、d、o、p、q这些字母来。
This ability to draw an enclosed shape is a very important marker of both cognitive and physical development, and it is a skill that emerges from their scribbles. So drawing, scribbling and playing with crayons and pencils are an important part of learning to hand write.
画封闭图形的能力是认知和身体发展的重要标志，这项技能从涂鸦开始形成。所以画画、涂鸦和摆弄蜡笔与铅笔是学习写字的重要部分。
An old-fashioned anachronism?
手写过时了？
The history of handwriting has always been one of convenience and change according to the writing technologies available.
方便省事和根据已有书写技术产生的演变共同谱写出了手写体的发展史。
In our first alphabets, Phoenician, Greek and Roman, the letters were angular due to the writing technologies of the day - chisels, granite, marble and clay. The first writing was from right to left across the page – a more natural direction for the chiseller.
在最早的字母表——腓尼基、希腊和罗马字母表中，由于当时的手写技术为錾子、花岗岩、大理石和粘土，字母呈一定的角度。最初人们写字的方向是从右到左的，对凿工来说，这一顺序来得更自然。
But when ink and paper came along, moving from right to left was too messy for right handed writers and the direction of our writing changed from left to right. (To the chagrin of all left handers, until the invention of the fast drying ballpoint pen!)
人类发明了纸和墨之后，对习惯于用右手写字的人来说从右到左写字太麻烦了，于是书写的方向就变成了从左到右（但这也让左撇子们恼怒不已，这种情况直到人类发明了速干圆珠笔之后才得以改变。）
It wasn’t just directionality that changed as we made the shift from stone to paper. Pen and ink made it easier to produce curves rather than angles, and the shape of our letters changed accordingly.
在我们的书写载体从石头到纸张演变的过程中，改变的不仅仅是书写的方向。笔墨让画弧线变得比画角度容易，字母的形状也由此改变。
The technology of the fountain pen meant directionality of strokes became important. Down strokes were important because the shape of the nib and flow of the ink didn’t easily allow for upstrokes.
钢笔的发明让笔画的方向性变得重要起来。要知道钢笔尖和墨水的流动是不利于写向上的笔画的，因此向下的笔画很重要。
The invention of the ballpoint pen meant we no longer relied on ink refills, and nib shapes. Felt tip pens meant that even gravity no longer played a role in the way we write. Yet children still complete pages of handwriting exercises based on the technology of the fountain pen and ink.
圆珠笔的发明意味着我们不再需要勤换墨水，不再受笔尖形状的限制。签字笔意味着甚至连重力都不再影响我们书写的方式。然而，小孩子仍然需要用钢笔来完成一页又一页的书写练习。
Handwriting vs writing
手写vs写作
Handwriting is often wrongly conflated with writing ability. You only need to glance at the handwritten manuscripts of our greatest writers to know there isn’t a link between handwriting skills and literacy skills.
人们往往错误地把书写能力和写作能力混同起来。你只要看看我们那些伟大作家的字迹，便可知道书写技能与写作水平无关。
I remember my son’s Year 2 teacher was very worried about his handwriting. Apparently he started his letters at the bottom, using upstrokes instead of downstrokes. His teacher was concerned it may hamper his literacy development in some way, and that I should “train” him out of it.
我记得我儿子读二年级的时候老师十分担心他的书写。很显然，他写字都是从底部开始，用向上的笔画而非向下的笔画。老师担心这可能在某种程度上阻碍他写作能力的发展，而认为我应该多教孩子写字。
There may have been a few reasons why he wrote his letters this way. The first language he learned to write was Greek, which has a different alphabet. He is also a left-hander and they often do things a little differently as they try to reconcile their way of seeing the world with that of their right handed teachers. Or maybe it was just his style; natural and automatic to him.
他这样写字可能有以下几点原因。他最早学习的语言是希腊语，而希腊语有着一套不同的字母体系。他也是个左撇子，这使得他在协调自己看待世界的方式与习惯于用右手写字的老师看待世界的方式的时候，写字的上下顺序有所不同。或许他的书写风格就是这样，他写起来流畅自然。
It was not, however, an indication of a literacy difficulty.
然而，这并不表明他的写作能力低下。
Perhaps there are more important things to do
也许我们还有一些更重要的事情要做
With so many things to do in a school day, it is hard to see why dedicated handwriting lessons persist.
学校的一天当中有那么多事情要做，很难说专门的写字课为什么要保留。
No matter how standardized we attempt to make handwriting, we all end up with our own style. So perhaps there are better things to do in the school day than have children complete pages of handwriting exercises. Perhaps we’d do just as well to let children play with drawing and writing implements and find their own style.
不管我们试图让自己的书写变得多么标准，我们最后总会以自己的风格去写字。所以，比起让孩子们完成数页的写字练习，在学校可能还有更重要的事情值得去做。也许，我们只需要让孩子们学会使用写字画画的工具，从而发现自己的风格。
Vocabulary
legibility: 易读性
standardized: 标准化的
cognitive: 认知的
scribble: 涂鸦
chisel: 凿子
granite: 花岗岩
marble: 大理石
clay: 粘土
messy: 散乱的
directionality: 方向性
manuscript: 手稿
conflate: 合并
literacy: 读写能力
（译者：陈思迪 编辑：王伟）
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